Artichoke is one of the favourite vegetables not only in Mediterranean cuisine. In addition to culinary specialities, alternative medicine enthusiasts will also enjoy it. Artichoke leaf extract is popular for its beneficial effects on digestion and cholesterol levels. But what makes artichoke extract special? How does it differ from the fruit itself, and are its effects really backed by science?
Nutritional values of artichoke and active ingredients in the leaf extract
Artichoke fruits are among the most popular vegetables and are notable for their relatively high protein and fibre content compared to other vegetables.
| Artichoke (per 100g) | |
| Energy | 47 kcal |
| Protein | 3.3g |
| Carbohydrates | 5.1g |
| Fats | 0.2g |
| Fibre | 5.4g |
From a nutritional standpoint, the fibre in artichoke fruits is particularly interesting. It contains highly polymerised inulin (with a degree of polymerisation up to 200), which has been shown to specifically promote the growth of bifidobacteria in the human digestive tract. This gives artichoke notable prebiotic properties, making it a valuable dietary component.
Artichoke extract, on the other hand, is made primarily from the leaves of the plant. The key active substances believed to be responsible for its effects include:
- Luteolin and its glycoside luteolin‑7‑O‑glucopyranoside, also known as cynaroside
- Caffeoylquinic acids, including 1,3‑dicaffeoylquinic acid, commonly referred to as cynarin
Most high‑quality extracts are standardised for cynarin content, with common concentrations ranging between 5–10% cynarin. Some premium extracts may contain as much as 50% cynarin.
In addition to the compounds listed above, artichoke extract also contains various other antioxidants. However, its mineral and fibre content is negligible, as inulin is typically removed during processing.
Artichoke extract, cholesterol levels and lipid profile
One of the main health benefits of taking artichoke extract is its reported ability to lower cholesterol levels, which may help support cardiovascular health. Experts have identified three main mechanisms through which artichoke extract can benefit vascular function:
- Promoting bile acid production. Artichoke extract has been shown in several studies to stimulate bile production. Since bile acids are synthesised in the liver from cholesterol, this process can help reduce blood cholesterol levels.
- Prevention of LDL‑cholesterol oxidation. One major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is the oxidation of LDL particles, which can be deposited on blood vessel walls and lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The antioxidants in artichoke extract may help prevent this process.
- Inhibition of new cholesterol formation. Studies show that artichoke extract reduces the activity of HMG Coa reductase, an important enzyme for the formation of cholesterol itself. By suppressing its activity, cholesterol levels in the body are lowered by a mechanism similar to that of statin drugs.
Because it stimulates bile production, artichoke extract is also commonly recommended to support digestion, particularly the digestion of fats. This makes it helpful after heavy or fatty meals.
What are the results of studies investigating artichoke extract?
The most recent meta‑analysis and systematic review that looked at the effects of artichoke extract on blood cholesterol levels is a publication from late 2021. This meta‑analysis included 14 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 960 human participants, all examining the impact of artichoke extract on cholesterol and lipid profiles. The findings showed that individuals taking artichoke extract experienced a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL ("bad") cholesterol, and blood triglyceride levels. However, HDL ("good") cholesterol levels were not significantly affected by the use of the extract.
Because only RCTs were included in the meta‑analysis, it is reasonable to assume that the observed relationship is causal, rather than a mere correlation between artichoke extract use and improvements in lipid profile.
What other effects do artichokes and artichoke leaf extract have?
In addition to improving cholesterol and lipid levels, several other health benefits of artichoke extract are being investigated:
- Aiding digestion and relieving nausea. Traditional folk medicine has long used artichokes to treat nausea, loss of appetite, and digestive discomfort. These traditional uses are now supported by scientific studies.
- Supporting liver function. For example, according to a 2018 study by Panahi Y. et al., taking artichoke extract improved liver tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin) in patients suffering from non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis.
- Antioxidant properties. In a study by Biel W. et al. in 2020, artichoke extract was shown to have a high antioxidant capacity, helping to prevent oxidative stress.
- Control of glucose metabolism. Some studies show that consuming artichokes as part of a larger meal can help moderate post‑meal blood sugar spikes, especially in individuals of a healthy weight. This may aid in the prevention of insulin resistance.
Dosage and selection of the right extract
To date, there is no consensus on the correct dosage of artichoke extract. This is due to the wide variety of different materials, which differ in the proportion of active ingredients and thus in the strength of their effects. A daily intake of 1200‑1800mg of artichoke extract, equivalent to approximately 2‑3 capsules of a dietary supplement per day, seems to be optimal. This amount applies to common extracts with a cynarin content of 5‑10%. In the case of more potent extracts, only 500‑600mg of artichoke extract per day can be taken.
Bottom line
Artichoke extract is one of the most promising dietary supplements that can help maintain cardiovascular health. Studies show a reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which is likely due to the stimulation of bile acid production and antioxidant properties.
Due to the increased bile production, artichoke extract is also recommended for aiding digestion, which is useful, for example, when eating fatty and heavy meals frequently.
